Tiny tomato plants that ”pack a punch” could prove breakthrough crop for UK precision breeding
A precision-bred tomato variety that reportedly produces up to 400 per cent more fruit over one year than conventional tomatoes has been described as a potential “breakthrough crop” for precision breeding in the UK.
Phytoform Labs has developed the tomato, a miniaturised version – or dwarf – of the variety Ailsa Craig, which can produce 1kg of fruit from a plant one-sixth of the typical size for tomatoes and is specifically tailored to the needs of vertical farms.
Some dwarf tomato varieties are available and have been widely used as a model in scientific research, but the flavour of the fruit has ”generally been unappealing”.
Faced with the lack of options for growers, and with few breeders working with dwarf varieties, Phytoform Labs said it ”stepped up to the challenge”.
“With dwarf varieties, almost every single trait is bad, except for the size,” noted Dr Antony Chapman, the company’s lead tomato genome engineer.
”Instead, we decided to make elite varieties into dwarfs, starting with something good and going from there – that’s how we came up with this vertical farming tomato.”
Positive productivity
Phytoform stated that the plants could fit in three growth cycles a year, compared to conventional tomatoes that only have a single cycle, and growers could fit between 50 and 100 plants in a single square metre, enabling them to produce 150-300kg/m² – “up to a 400 per cent increase on conventional varieties”.
Vertical farming company Harvest London, which has two farming facilities in Walthamstow and Leyton, has just completed the first phase of a pre-commercial trial using the variety.
It has successfully grown hundreds of plants and is now working to optimise growing approaches.
“People want super tasty tomatoes, available all year round and not imported thousands of miles,” said Matt Chlebek, founder and chief agronomist of Harvest London.
“The exciting part of this is Phytoform is breeding something specific for vertical farming that addresses what consumers and growers want.
”The concept was proved beyond doubt when the first tomatoes grew, and we’re now working with Phytoform to understand what a successful plant looks like in this environment and using cutting edge technology to make them even better,” he outlined.
A second trial is also nearing completion, working alongside Jones Food Company, the UK’s largest vertical farming operation, while Phytoform said that several farms beyond the UK had shown interest in growing the tomato.
Development processes
The processes used by Phytoform to develop the plants were described as an accelerated version of changes that could occur through natural mutations or traditional breeding.
The company’s specialised culturing techniques could grow whole plants from single cells, it said.
“Traditional breeding, where you crossbreed parent plants so that the resulting offspring has superior traits, does work, but it’s a very slow process,” noted the company’s chief executive Dr William Pelton.
“Things are changing so fast now, both in terms of climate change and human population growth, that I don’t think traditional breeding can keep up any longer.
”The technologies that can dramatically speed up this process are ready to be used and need to get out there,” he commented.
Regulatory barriers
To date the speed of technology transfer in crop science has proved a barrier for start-ups in the sector, particularly in the UK and continental Europe.
Phytoform pointed out that ”change is coming”, with the UK’s Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act passed in 2023, but companies are still waiting for measures that will allow the commercial cultivation of precision-bred produce.
Scientists have been able to apply for licenses to grow precision-bred crops since 2022, with Phytoform Labs ”one of the most active companies in this area”.
But Dr Nicolas Kral, the company’s chief technology officer, said commercially viable crops such as Phytoform’s tomato, which is ready to be sold as soon as legislation allows, were vital to showing the practical impact of crop breeding developments.
“There’s little point in changing legislation if you don’t have the use cases for the technology,” he said. “It can’t simply be an academic interest.
”This product is real; you could be eating it next year, but without steps to enable commercial sales, this technology is just waiting in the wings.”
Potential of vertical farming
Vertical farming has the potential to increase food security, localise supply chains and reduce reliance on inputs such as pesticides, it said, which can be harmful to ecosystems and are a significant concern for consumers.
The new tomato, alongside other improved crops such as strawberries, could transform the financial viability of operations, Phytoform stated, potentially sparking an expansion in high-tech local growing.
“Our consumer surveys clearly show that people want chemical free and more sustainable produce,” said Pelton. ”Bringing in appealing new options that can help vertical farming become more diverse and competitive can only be a good thing for a greener and more secure food system in the UK and beyond.
“We’re hoping that this new product is going to almost be like a reset for vertical farming. Suddenly they have this small crop that transforms the business model from thin margins to decent profits. The growers we’re working with are as excited as we are.”
